Kupanga Nyali Zakumutu Za Mitundu Yakunja: Mafotokozedwe Aukadaulo & Kuyesa Magwiridwe Antchito

Makampani akunja amaika patsogolo zofunikira zaukadaulo ndi kuyesa kolimba kwa magwiridwe antchito. Kusamala kumeneku kumatsimikizira kudalirika kwa malonda ndi chitetezo cha ogwiritsa ntchito kwa ogula. Nkhani iyi ya blog ikutsogolera makampani akunja kudzera munjira zofunika kwambiri popanga nyali zapamwamba. Kutsatira miyezo iyi ndikofunika kwambiri. Imapereka zinthu zodalirika pa malo akunja ovuta.

Mfundo Zofunika Kwambiri

• Kupanga nyali zamutuikufunika malamulo amphamvu aukadaulo. Malamulo awa amatsimikizira kuti nyali zapatsogolo zikugwira ntchito bwino komanso kuteteza ogwiritsa ntchito.
• Zinthu zofunika monga kuwala, nthawi ya batri, ndi chitetezo cha madzi ndizofunikira kwambiri. Zimathandiza kuti nyali za kutsogolo zizigwira ntchito m'malo ovuta akunja.
• Kuyesa nyali zamoto m'njira zambiri n'kofunika kwambiri. Izi zikuphatikizapo kuyang'ana kuwala, batire, komanso momwe zimagwirira ntchito bwino nyengo yoipa.
• Kapangidwe kabwino kamapangitsa kuti nyali zoyendetsera magetsi zikhale zosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito. Izi zimathandiza anthu kuzigwiritsa ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali popanda mavuto.
• Kutsatira malamulo achitetezo ndi mayeso kumathandiza makampani kuti azikhulupirirana. Kumathandizanso kuonetsetsa kuti nyali zapatsogolo ndi zabwino komanso zodalirika.

Mafotokozedwe Aukadaulo Aakulu Opangira Nyali Zapanja

Makampani akunja ayenera kukhazikitsa zofunikira zaukadaulo zolimba popanga nyali zamutu. Zomwezi zimapangitsa kuti zinthu zigwire bwino ntchito, kudalirika, komanso kukhutitsa ogwiritsa ntchito. Kutsatira miyezo imeneyi kumatsimikizira kuti nyali zamutu zimakwaniritsa zofunikira kwambiri pa malo akunja.

Miyezo Yotulutsa Lumen ndi Beam Distance

Kutulutsa kwa lumen ndi mtunda wa kuwala ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri pa nyali zamutu. Zimakhudza mwachindunji luso la wogwiritsa ntchito kuona ndi kuyenda m'mikhalidwe yosiyanasiyana. Kwa ogwira ntchito ku Europe, nyali zamutu ziyenera kutsatira miyezo ya EN ISO 12312-2. Kutsatira kumeneku kumatsimikizira chitetezo ndi milingo yoyenera yowala kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito ndi akatswiri. Ntchito zosiyanasiyana zimafuna mitundu inayake ya lumen kuti zigwire ntchito bwino.

Muyezo wa ANSI FL1 umapereka zilembo zokhazikika komanso zowonekera bwino kwa ogula. Muyezo uwu umatanthauzira ma lumens ngati muyeso wa kuwala konse komwe kumawonekera. Umatanthauziranso mtunda wa kuwala ngati mtunda wapamwamba kwambiri womwe umawunikidwa kufika pa 0.25 lux, womwe ndi wofanana ndi kuwala kwa mwezi wonse. Mtunda wogwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri umayesa theka la mulingo wa FL1 womwe wanenedwa.

Opanga amagwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana poyesa ndikutsimikizira kutuluka kwa lumen ya nyali yamutu ndi mtunda wa kuwala. Njirazi zimatsimikizira kulondola ndi kusasinthasintha.

• Makina oyezera pogwiritsa ntchito zithunzi amajambula kuwala ndi mphamvu yowala. Amaika nyali za mutu pakhoma kapena pazenera la Lambertian.
• Mapulogalamu a PM-HL, pamodzi ndi ProMetric Imaging Photometers ndi Colorimeters, amalola kuyeza mwachangu mfundo zonse za kapangidwe ka nyali yamutu. Njirayi nthawi zambiri imatenga masekondi ochepa.
• Pulogalamu ya PM-HL imaphatikizapo zinthu zomwe zili mu Point of Interest (POI) zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa miyezo yayikulu yamakampani. Miyezo iyi ikuphatikizapo ECE R20, ECE R112, ECE R123, ndi FMVSS 108, zomwe zimafotokoza malo enieni oyesera.
• Zipangizo za Road Lighting ndi Gradient POI ndi zina mwa zinthu zomwe zili mu phukusi la PM-HL. Zimapereka kuwunika kwathunthu kwa nyali yamutu.
• Kale, njira yodziwika bwino inali kugwiritsa ntchito choyezera kuwala chogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi manja. Akatswiri ankayesa pamanja mfundo iliyonse pakhoma pomwe nyali ya kutsogolo inkaonekera.

Moyo wa Batri ndi Machitidwe Oyendetsera Mphamvu

Moyo wa batri ndi wofunikira kwambiri pa nyali zakunja. Ogwiritsa ntchito amadalira mphamvu yokhazikika kwa nthawi yayitali. Kuwala kwa nyali yakunja kukawala kwambiri, moyo wa batri umakhala waufupi. Moyo wa batri umadalira mitundu yosiyanasiyana, monga yotsika, yapakati, yapamwamba, kapena yozungulira. Ogwiritsa ntchito ayenera kuwunikanso zomwe zimafunika kuti apeze magetsi osiyanasiyana. Izi zimawathandiza kusankha nyali yakunja yomwe imagwira ntchito bwino kwambiri m'njira zomwe amafunikira.

Machitidwe ogwira ntchito bwino oyendetsera magetsi amawonjezera nthawi ya batri ya nyali. Machitidwewa amawongolera kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu bwino komanso amapereka magwiridwe antchito nthawi zonse.

• Sunoptic LX2 ili ndi mabatire ogwira ntchito bwino kwambiri okhala ndi mphamvu zochepa. Imapereka nthawi yogwira ntchito ya maola atatu mosalekeza komanso yodzaza ndi mabatire wamba. Izi zimawirikiza kawiri mpaka maola 6 ndi mabatire okhala ndi moyo wautali.
• Chosinthira chotulutsa chosinthika chimalola ogwiritsa ntchito kukhazikitsa zotulutsa zosiyanasiyana. Izi zimawonjezera nthawi ya moyo wa batri. Mwachitsanzo, 50% ya zotulutsa imatha kuwirikiza kawiri nthawi ya moyo wa batri kuchokera pa maola atatu mpaka maola 6, kapena maola anayi mpaka maola 8.

Fenix ​​HM75R imagwiritsa ntchito 'Power Xtend System'. Dongosololi limaphatikiza banki yamagetsi yakunja ndi batire wamba wa 18650 mkati mwa nyali yakutsogolo. Izi zimawonjezera nthawi yogwira ntchito poyerekeza ndi nyali zakutsogolo zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito batire imodzi yokha. Banki yamagetsi imathanso kuyitanitsa zida zina.

Kukana Madzi ndi Fumbi (Ma IP Ratings)

Kukana madzi ndi fumbi ndikofunikira kwambiri pa nyali zakunja. Kukana kwa Ingress Protection (IP) kumasonyeza kuti chipangizocho chili ndi mphamvu yolimbana ndi zinthu zachilengedwe. Kukana kumeneku n'kofunika kwambiri kuti chinthucho chikhale cholimba komanso kuti ogwiritsa ntchito azikhala otetezeka pamavuto.

Opanga amagwiritsa ntchito njira zoyesera zapadera kuti atsimikizire ma IP a nyali yamutu. Mayeso awa amatsimikizira kuti chinthucho chikukwaniritsa milingo yake yotsutsa.

• Kuyesa kwa IPX4Zimaphatikizapo kuyika zida ku madzi ochokera mbali zonse kwa nthawi yoikika. Izi zimatsanzira mvula.
• Kuyesa kwa IPX6imafuna zipangizo zopirira majeti amphamvu amadzi opopera kuchokera mbali zinazake.
• Kuyesa kwa IPX7imamiza zipangizo m'madzi mpaka mita imodzi kuya kwa mphindi 30. Izi zimayang'ana ngati pali kutayikira kwa madzi.

Njira yotsatizana imatsimikizira kutsimikizika kolondola kwa IP:

1. Kukonzekera ZitsanzoAkatswiri amaika chipangizochi poyesedwa (DUT) pa turntable yomwe cholinga chake ndi kuigwiritsa ntchito. Madoko ndi zophimba zonse zakunja zimakonzedwa momwe zimakhalira nthawi zonse.
2. Kukonza Kachitidwe: Musanayese, magawo ofunikira ayenera kutsimikiziridwa. Izi zikuphatikizapo muyeso wa kuthamanga kwa madzi, kutentha kwa madzi pamalo otulutsira madzi, ndi kuchuluka kwenikweni kwa madzi. Mtunda wochokera ku muyeso kupita ku DUT uyenera kukhala pakati pa 100mm ndi 150mm.
3. Mapulogalamu a Mbiri Yoyesera: Ndondomeko yoyesera yomwe mukufuna imakonzedwa. Izi nthawi zambiri zimaphatikizapo magawo anayi ofanana ndi ma angles opopera (0°, 30°, 60°, 90°). Gawo lililonse limatenga masekondi 30 ndipo turntable imazungulira pa 5 rpm.
4. Kuyesa Kuyesa: Chitseko cha chipinda chimatsekedwa, ndipo nthawi yodziyimira yokha imayamba. Chimatenthetsa ndi kupopera madzi musanapopere motsatizana malinga ndi momwe zalembedwera.
5. Kusanthula Pambuyo pa Mayeso: Akamaliza, akatswiri amachotsa DUT kuti akawone ngati madzi alowa. Amachitanso mayeso ogwira ntchito. Izi zitha kuphatikizapo mayeso a mphamvu ya dielectric, kuyeza kukana kwa insulation, ndikuwunika momwe zinthu zamagetsi zimagwirira ntchito.

Kukana Kukhudzidwa ndi Kulimba kwa Zinthu

Nyali zakunja ziyenera kupirira kupsinjika kwakukulu. Chifukwa chake, kukana kugwedezeka ndi kulimba kwa zinthu ndizofunikira kwambiri. Opanga amasankha zipangizo zomwe zingathandize kupirira kugwa, kugwedezeka, ndi nyengo zovuta zachilengedwe. Zipangizo zapamwamba komanso zosagwedezeka monga pulasitiki ya ABS ndi aluminiyamu yapamwamba ya ndege ndizofala m'mabokosi a nyali zakunja. Zipangizozi ndizofunikira kwambiri pa nyali zakunja zotetezeka zomwe zimagwira ntchito m'malo ovuta kwambiri. Zimaonetsetsa kuti magwiridwe antchito a nyali yakunja sakusokonekera.

Kuti zinthu zisamakhudze kwambiri kugwedezeka, zinthu monga aluminiyamu yodziwika bwino pa ndege ndi polycarbonate yolimba zimalimbikitsidwa kwambiri. Zinthuzi zimayamwa bwino kugwedezeka. Zimateteza zinthu zamkati kuti zisawonongeke panthawi ya zochitika zakunja, kugwa mwangozi, kapena kugunda kosayembekezereka. Izi zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zodalirika kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito molimba. Mwachitsanzo, polycarbonate imapereka kulimba kwapadera komanso kulimba. Imakana kugunda bwino. Opanga amathanso kupanga polycarbonate kuti ipirire kukhudzidwa ndi UV. Izi zimatsimikizira kuti imagwira ntchito bwino komanso momveka bwino m'malo akunja. Kugwiritsa ntchito kwake m'magalasi amagetsi kukuwonetsanso kuthekera kwake kupirira kugunda.

Opanga amagwiritsa ntchito njira zoyesera zolimba kuti atsimikizire kukana kwa kugwedezeka. 'Drop Ball Impact Test' imayesa kulimba kwa zinthu. Njirayi imaphatikizapo kuponya mpira wolemera kuchokera kutalika komwe kunakonzedweratu kupita ku chitsanzo cha zinthu. Mphamvu zomwe zimatengedwa ndi chitsanzocho zikagundidwa zimatsimikiza kulimba kwake motsutsana ndi kusweka kapena kusintha. Kuyesaku kumachitika m'malo olamulidwa. Kumalola kusiyanasiyana kwa magawo oyesera monga kulemera kwa mpira kapena kutalika kwa kugwedezeka kuti akwaniritse zofunikira zamakampani. Njira ina yodziwika bwino ndi 'Free Drop Test', yomwe yafotokozedwa mu MIL-STD-810G. Njirayi imaphatikizapo kuponya zinthu kangapo kuchokera kutalika kwina, mwachitsanzo, nthawi 26 kuchokera pa 122 cm. Izi zimatsimikizira kuti zimapirira kugwedezeka kwakukulu popanda kuwonongeka. Kuphatikiza apo, miyezo ya IEC 60068-2-31/ASTM D4169 imagwiritsidwa ntchito pa 'Drop Testing'. Miyezo iyi imayesa kuthekera kwa chipangizocho kupulumuka kugwa mwangozi. Kuyesa kwathunthu kotereku popanga nyali zamutu kumatsimikizira kulimba kwa zinthu.

Kulemera, Ergonomics, ndi Chitonthozo cha Ogwiritsa Ntchito

Nyali zapamutu nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi yayitali pamavuto ovuta. Chifukwa chake, kulemera, ergonomics, ndi chitonthozo cha ogwiritsa ntchito ndizofunikira kwambiri pakupanga. Nyali yapamutu yokonzedwa bwino imachepetsa kutopa ndi kusokoneza kwa ogwiritsa ntchito.

Mfundo za kapangidwe ka ergonomic zimathandizira kwambiri chitonthozo cha ogwiritsa ntchito:

• Kapangidwe Kopepuka komanso KoyeneraIzi zimachepetsa kutopa ndi kutopa pakhosi. Ogwiritsa ntchito amatha kuyang'ana kwambiri ntchito popanda kuvutika.
• Zingwe ZosinthikaIzi zimatsimikizira kuti zimagwirizana bwino ndi mitu yosiyanasiyana komanso mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana.
• Zowongolera ZachilengedweIzi zimathandiza kuti ntchito ikhale yosavuta, ngakhale mutavala magolovesi. Zimachepetsa nthawi yogwiritsidwa ntchito pokonza zinthu.
• Kusintha kwa KuweramaIzi zimathandiza kuti kuwala kuyende bwino. Zimathandiza kuti munthu aziona bwino komanso zimachepetsa kufunikira kosuntha mitu yake movutikira.
• Zosintha ZowalaIzi zimapereka kuwala koyenera pa ntchito zosiyanasiyana komanso malo osiyanasiyana. Zimaletsa kutopa kwa maso.
• Moyo Wa Batri WokhalitsaIzi zimachepetsa kusokonezeka kwa batri. Zimasunga chitonthozo ndi kuyang'ana bwino nthawi zonse.
• Ma Angles Okulirapo a BeamIzi zimaunikira bwino malo ogwirira ntchito. Zimathandiza kuti munthu aziona bwino zinthu zonse ndipo zimachepetsa kufunika kosintha mutu wake pafupipafupi.

Zinthu zopangidwa ndi manjazi zimagwira ntchito limodzi. Zimapanga nyali yamutu yomwe imamveka ngati yowonjezera yachilengedwe ya wogwiritsa ntchito. Izi zimathandiza kuti munthu azigwiritsa ntchito nthawi yayitali komanso momasuka pazochitika zilizonse zakunja.

Mitundu Yowala, Mawonekedwe, ndi Kapangidwe ka Chiyankhulo cha Ogwiritsa Ntchito

Nyali zamakono zakunja zimapereka mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kuwala ndi zinthu zapamwamba. Izi zimakwaniritsa zosowa ndi malo osiyanasiyana a ogwiritsa ntchito. Mawonekedwe ogwiritsira ntchito opangidwa bwino (UI) amatsimikizira kuti ogwiritsa ntchito amatha kupeza ndikuwongolera mosavuta ntchitozi.

Njira zodziwika bwino zowunikira zimaphatikizapo:

• Wapamwamba, Wapakati, WotsikaIzi zimapereka kuwala kosiyanasiyana pa ntchito zosiyanasiyana.
• Strobe/Flash: Njira iyi ndi yothandiza pa zizindikiro kapena zadzidzidzi.
• Kuwala KofiiraIzi zimasunga masomphenya ausiku ndipo sizimasokoneza ena. Ndizabwino kwambiri poyang'ana nyenyezi kapena kuyendayenda m'misasa.
• Kuunikira Kogwira Ntchito: Izi zimangosintha kuwala kutengera kuwala kozungulira. Zimathandiza kuti batri likhale ndi moyo wabwino komanso kuti ogwiritsa ntchito azisangalala.
• Kuunikira Kosalekeza: Izi zimasunga kuwala kosalekeza mosasamala kanthu za kutayidwa kwa batri.
• Kuunikira Koyenera: Izi zimapangitsa kuti kuwala kutuluke nthawi zonse mpaka batire itatsala pang'ono kutha. Kenako imasinthira ku malo otsika.
• Kuwala KosalamulirikaKuwala kumachepa pang'onopang'ono pamene batire ikutha.

Kapangidwe ka mawonekedwe a ogwiritsa ntchito kamasonyeza momwe ogwiritsa ntchito amalumikizirana mosavuta ndi ma mode awa. Mabatani ozindikira ndi zizindikiro zomveka bwino ndizofunikira. Ogwiritsa ntchito nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito nyali zamutu mumdima, ndi manja ozizira, kapena atavala magolovesi. Chifukwa chake, zowongolera ziyenera kukhala zogwira mtima komanso zoyankha. Njira yosavuta komanso yomveka bwino yoyendetsera njinga kudzera mu ma mode imaletsa kukhumudwa. Nyali zina zamutu zimakhala ndi ntchito zotsekera. Izi zimaletsa kuyatsa mwangozi ndi kutaya mphamvu kwa batri panthawi yoyendetsa. Zinthu zina zapamwamba zitha kuphatikizapo zizindikiro za mulingo wa batri, madoko ochapira a USB-C, kapena mphamvu ya banki yamagetsi yochapira zida zina. Kapangidwe ka UI koganizira bwino kamatsimikizira kuti zinthu zamphamvu za nyali yamutu nthawi zonse zimakhala zosavuta kupeza komanso zosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito.

Ma Protocol Ofunika Kwambiri Oyesera Magwiridwe Antchito Pakupanga Nyali Zamutu

Makampani akunja ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito njira zoyesera magwiridwe antchito mwamphamvu. Njirazi zimaonetsetsa kuti nyali zakutsogolo zikukwaniritsa zomwe zalengezedwa komanso kuti zipirire zovuta zogwiritsidwa ntchito panja. Kuyesa kwathunthu kumatsimikizira mtundu wa malonda ndikulimbikitsa chidaliro cha ogula.

Kuyesa kwa Magwiridwe Abwino a Kuwala Kokhazikika

Kuyesa magwiridwe antchito a kuwala ndikofunikira kwambiri pa nyali zakutsogolo. Kumatsimikizira kuti kuwala kowala kokhazikika komanso kodalirika kumawonekera. Kuyesa kumeneku kumatsimikizira kuti ogwiritsa ntchito amalandira kuwala komwe amayembekezera pazochitika zovuta. Opanga amatsatira miyezo yosiyanasiyana yapadziko lonse lapansi ndi yapadziko lonse lapansi pa mayeso awa. Izi zikuphatikizapo ECE R112, SAE J1383, ndi FMVSS108. Miyezo iyi imafuna kuyesa magawo angapo ofunikira.

• Kugawa mphamvu yowala kumakhala ngati gawo lofunikira kwambiri laukadaulo.
• Kukhazikika kwa kuwala kumatsimikizira kuwala kosalekeza pakapita nthawi.
• Ma Chromaticity Coordinates ndi Color Rendering Index amayesa mtundu wa kuwala ndi kulondola kwa mtundu.
• Voltage, Mphamvu, ndi kuwala kwa magetsi zimayesa mphamvu zamagetsi komanso mphamvu zonse zowunikira.

Zipangizo zapadera zimachita miyeso yolondola iyi. LPCE-2 High Precision Spectroradiometer Integrating Sphere System imayesa photometric, colorimetric, ndi ma parameter amagetsi. Izi zikuphatikizapo Voltage, Power, luminous flux, Chromaticity Coordinates, ndi Color Rendering Index. Imagwirizana ndi miyezo monga CIE127-1997 ndi IES LM-79-08. Chida china chofunikira ndi LSG-1950 Goniophotometer ya Magalimoto ndi Ma Signal Lamp. CIE A-α goniophotometer iyi imayesa mphamvu yowala ndi kuunikira kwa nyali mumakampani oyendetsa magalimoto, kuphatikiza magetsi a magalimoto. Imagwira ntchito pozungulira chitsanzo pomwe mutu wa photometer umakhalabe wosakhazikika.

Kuti mupeze kulondola kwambiri pogwirizanitsa nyali za mutu, mulingo wa laser umakhala wothandiza. Umapanga mzere wowongoka, wowoneka bwino womwe umathandiza kuyeza ndi kulumikiza nyali molondola. Zosefera za analogue ndi digito zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa molondola kutulutsa kwa nyali za mutu ndi mapatani a nyali. Chosefera cha analogue, monga SEG IV, chimawonetsa kugawa kwa kuwala kwa nyali zoviikidwa ndi zazikulu. Zosefera za digito, monga SEG V, zimapereka njira yowongoleredwa bwino yoyezera kudzera pa menyu ya chipangizo. Zimawonetsa zotsatira mosavuta pachiwonetsero, kusonyeza zotsatira zabwino kwambiri zoyezera ndi zowonetsera zojambula. Kuti mupeze kuyeza kolondola kwambiri kwa kutulutsa kwa nyali za mutu ndi mapatani a nyali, goniometer ndi chida chachikulu. Kuti mupeze kuyeza kosalondola koma kothandizabe, njira yojambulira zithunzi ingagwiritsidwe ntchito. Izi zimafuna kamera ya DSLR, malo oyera (omwe gwero la kuwala limawala), ndi photometer yojambulira kuwala.

Kutsimikizira Kugwiritsa Ntchito Batri ndi Kukhazikitsa Mphamvu

Kutsimikizira nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito batri ndi malamulo a mphamvu ndikofunikira kwambiri. Kumaonetsetsa kuti nyali zamutu zimapereka kuwala kodalirika kwa nthawi yomwe yatchulidwa. Ogwiritsa ntchito amadalira chidziwitso cholondola cha nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito pokonzekera zochitika zakunja. Zinthu zingapo zimakhudza nthawi yeniyeni yogwiritsira ntchito batri yamutu.

• Njira yowunikira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito (yapamwamba, yapakati, kapena yapang'ono) imakhudza mwachindunji nthawi.
• Kukula kwa batri kumakhudza mphamvu zonse zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito.
• Kutentha kwa malo ozungulira kungakhudze momwe batire imagwirira ntchito.
• Mphepo kapena mphepo yamphamvu zimakhudza momwe nyali imaziziritsidwira bwino, zomwe zingakhudze moyo wa batri.

Muyezo wa ANSI/NEMA FL-1 umatanthauzira nthawi yogwirira ntchito ngati nthawi mpaka kuwala kutsika kufika pa 10% ya mtengo wake woyamba wa masekondi 30. Komabe, muyezo uwu sukuwonetsa momwe kuwala kumagwirira ntchito pakati pa mfundo ziwirizi. Opanga amatha kukonza nyali zamutu kuti zikhale ndi kuwala koyambirira komwe kumatsika mwachangu kuti zitsimikizire kuti nthawi yayitali yolengezedwa ikugwira ntchito. Izi zitha kukhala zosokeretsa ndipo sizipereka chithunzi cholondola cha momwe zinthu zilili. Chifukwa chake, ogula ayenera kuyang'ana graph ya 'lightcurve' ya chinthucho. Graph iyi ikuwonetsa kuwala pakapita nthawi ndipo imapereka njira yokhayo yopangira chisankho chodziwa bwino za momwe nyali yamutu imagwirira ntchito. Ngati kuwala sikuperekedwa, ogwiritsa ntchito ayenera kulumikizana ndi wopanga kuti apemphe. Kuwonekera bwino kumeneku kumathandiza kuonetsetsa kuti nyali yamutu ikukwaniritsa zomwe ogwiritsa ntchito amayembekezera kuti kuwala kupitirire.

Kuyesa Kulimba Kwachilengedwe pa Mikhalidwe Yovuta

Kuyesa kulimba kwa chilengedwe ndikofunikira kwambiri pa nyali zapatsogolo. Kumatsimikizira kuthekera kwawo kupirira nyengo zovuta zakunja. Kuyesa kumeneku kumatsimikizira kuti zinthuzo zimakhala nthawi yayitali komanso zodalirika m'malo ovuta kwambiri.

• Kuyesa Kutentha: Izi zikuphatikizapo malo osungira kutentha kwambiri, malo osungira kutentha kochepa, kayendedwe ka kutentha, ndi mayeso otenthetsera kutentha. Mwachitsanzo, mayeso osungira kutentha kwambiri angaphatikizepo kuyika nyali yamoto pamalo otentha 85°C kwa maola 48 kuti muwone ngati yasintha kapena yawonongeka.
• Kuyesa Chinyezi: Izi zimapangitsa mayeso okhazikika a chinyezi ndi kutentha, komanso mayeso osinthasintha a chinyezi ndi kutentha. Mwachitsanzo, mayeso okhazikika a chinyezi ndi kutentha amaphatikizapo kuyika nyali pamalo otentha a 40°C okhala ndi chinyezi cha 90% kwa maola 96 kuti muwone ngati kutentha ndi magwiridwe antchito a kuwala zikugwira ntchito.
• Kuyesa Kugwedezeka: Ma nyali akutsogolo amayikidwa patebulo logwedezeka. Amayikidwa pa ma frequency, ma amplitude, ndi nthawi zina kuti ayerekezere kugwedezeka kwa ntchito ya galimoto. Izi zimawunika kulimba kwa kapangidwe kake ndikuyang'ana zigawo zamkati zosasunthika kapena zowonongeka. Miyezo yodziwika bwino yoyesera kugwedezeka ndi SAE J1211 (kutsimikizira kulimba kwa ma module amagetsi), GM 3172 (kulimba kwa chilengedwe cha zigawo zamagetsi), ndi ISO 16750 (mikhalidwe yachilengedwe ndi mayeso a magalimoto apamsewu).

Kuyesa kophatikizana kwa kugwedezeka ndi kuyerekezera chilengedwe kumapereka chidziwitso pa kapangidwe ka zinthu ndi kudalirika konse. Ogwiritsa ntchito amatha kuphatikiza kutentha, chinyezi, ndi kugwedezeka kwa sine kapena mwachisawawa. Amagwiritsa ntchito makina ndi ma electrodynamic shakers kuti ayerekeze kugwedezeka kwa msewu kapena kugwedezeka mwadzidzidzi kuchokera ku dzenje. Zipangizo za AGREE, zomwe poyamba zinali zankhondo ndi ndege, tsopano zasinthidwa kuti zigwirizane ndi miyezo yamakampani opanga magalimoto. Amachita mayeso odalirika komanso oyenerera, omwe amatha kutentha, chinyezi, ndi kugwedezeka nthawi imodzi ndi kusintha kwa kutentha mpaka 30°C pamphindi. Miyezo yapadziko lonse lapansi monga ISO 16750 imafotokoza momwe chilengedwe chilili komanso njira zoyesera zida zamagetsi ndi zamagetsi m'magalimoto amsewu. Izi zikuphatikizapo zofunikira pakuyesa kudalirika kwa nyali zamagalimoto pansi pa zinthu zachilengedwe monga kutentha, chinyezi, ndi kugwedezeka. Malamulo a ECE R3 ndi R48 amalankhulanso za zofunikira pakudalirika, kuphatikiza mphamvu zamakanika ndi kukana kugwedezeka, zomwe ndizofunikira kwambiri popanga nyali zamutu.

Kuyesa Kupsinjika kwa Makina Kuti Mudziwe Kulimba Kwathupi

Nyali zapamutu ziyenera kupirira zovuta zazikulu zakuthupi m'malo akunja. Kuyesa kupsinjika kwa makina kumawunikira mwamphamvu kuthekera kwa nyali yapamutu kupirira kugwa, kugunda, ndi kugwedezeka. Kuyesa kumeneku kumawonetsetsa kuti chinthucho chikugwirabe ntchito komanso chotetezeka ngakhale chitagwiritsidwa ntchito molakwika kapena kugwa mwangozi. Opanga amayesa nyali zapamutu mosiyanasiyana zomwe zimayesa kupsinjika kwenikweni. Mayesowa akuphatikizapo mayeso ogwa kuchokera kutalika komwe kwatchulidwa kupita pamalo osiyanasiyana, mayeso ogundana ndi mphamvu zosiyanasiyana, ndi mayeso ogundana omwe amatsanzira mayendedwe kapena kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali pamalo osafanana.

Kuyesa Kwachilengedwe ndi Kulimba: Kuyesa magwiridwe antchito pansi pa mikhalidwe monga kusintha kwa kutentha, chinyezi, ndi kugwedezeka kwa makina ngati kuli kofunikira.

Njira yokwanira iyi yoyesera kupsinjika kwa makina ndiyofunika kwambiri. Imatsimikizira kulimba kwa kapangidwe ka nyali yamutu komanso kulimba kwa zigawo zake. Mwachitsanzo, kuyesa kutsika kungaphatikizepo kugwetsa nyali yamutu kangapo kuchokera kutalika kwa mita 1 mpaka 2 pa konkire kapena matabwa. Kuyesaku kumayang'ana ming'alu, kusweka, kapena kutayika kwa zigawo zamkati. Kuyesa kugwedezeka nthawi zambiri kumagwiritsa ntchito zida zapadera kuti zigwedeze nyali yamutu pamafupipafupi ndi ma amplitude osiyanasiyana. Izi zimatsanzira kukankhana kosalekeza komwe kungachitike paulendo wautali kapena pamene ukukwera chisoti panthawi ya zochitika monga kukwera njinga yamapiri. Mayesowa amathandiza kuzindikira zofooka mu kapangidwe kapena zipangizo. Amalola opanga kupanga zinthu zofunika asanapange zinthu zambiri. Izi zimatsimikizira kuti chinthu chomaliza chikhoza kupirira zovuta za ulendo wakunja.

Chidziwitso cha Ogwiritsa Ntchito ndi Kuyesa kwa Ergonomics

Kupatula ukadaulo, magwiridwe antchito a nyali yeniyeni amadalira zomwe ogwiritsa ntchito akumana nazo komanso momwe zinthu zilili. Kuyesa kwapadera ndikofunikira kuti muwone momwe nyali yamutu ilili yabwino, yomveka bwino, komanso yogwira ntchito panthawi yogwiritsa ntchito. Mtundu uwu wa kuyesa umapitirira momwe zinthu zilili mu labotale. Umayika nyali zamutu m'manja mwa ogwiritsa ntchito enieni m'malo ofanana ndi komwe chinthucho chidzagwiritsidwe ntchito pamapeto pake. Izi zimapereka ndemanga zofunika kwambiri pa kapangidwe, chitonthozo, ndi magwiridwe antchito.

Njira zothandiza zochitira mayeso a m'munda ndi izi:

• Mfundo za kapangidwe ka anthuNjira iyi ikuphatikizapo ogwiritsa ntchito popanga mapulani. Imaonetsetsa kuti nyali yakutsogolo ikukwaniritsa zosowa zawo komanso zomwe amakonda.
• Kuwunika njira zosakanikiranaIzi zimaphatikiza njira zosonkhanitsira deta yolondola komanso yolondola. Zimathandiza kumvetsetsa bwino zomwe ogwiritsa ntchito akumana nazo komanso momwe zinthu zilili.
• Kusonkhanitsa ndemanga zobwerezabwerezaIzi zimasonkhanitsa mayankho nthawi zonse mu gawo lonse la chitukuko ndi mayeso. Zimawongolera kapangidwe ndi magwiridwe antchito a nyali yakutsogolo.
• Kuwunika malo enieni ogwirira ntchitoIzi zimayesa nyali zapatsogolo mwachindunji m'malo enieni omwe zidzagwiritsidwe ntchito. Zimayesa magwiridwe antchito.
• Kuyesa kufananiza maso ndi maso: Izi zimayerekeza mwachindunji mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nyali zamutu pogwiritsa ntchito ntchito zokhazikika. Zimawunika kusiyana kwa magwiridwe antchito.
• Ndemanga zabwino komanso zochulukirapo: Izi zimasonkhanitsa malingaliro atsatanetsatane a ogwiritsa ntchito pazinthu monga mtundu wa kuwala, chitonthozo choyikira, ndi nthawi ya batri, pamodzi ndi deta yoyezeka.
• Ndemanga yotseguka yokhudza khalidweIzi zimalimbikitsa ogwiritsa ntchito kupereka ndemanga zatsatanetsatane komanso zosakonzedwa bwino. Zimawonetsa malingaliro osiyanasiyana okhudza zomwe akumana nazo.
• Kutenga nawo mbali kwa akatswiri azachipatala pa kusonkhanitsa detaIzi zimagwiritsa ntchito akatswiri azachipatala ndi ophunzira pa zokambirana ndi kusonkhanitsa deta. Zimalumikiza mipata yolumikizirana pakati pa maphunziro azachipatala ndi uinjiniya. Zimathandizanso kutanthauzira molondola mayankho.

Oyesa amawunika zinthu monga kumasuka kwa lamba, kusavuta kugwiritsa ntchito mabatani (makamaka ndi magolovesi), kugawa kulemera, komanso kugwira ntchito bwino kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kuwala m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, nyali yamutu imatha kugwira ntchito bwino mu labu, koma pamalo ozizira komanso onyowa, mabatani ake amatha kukhala ovuta kukanikiza, kapena lamba wake ungabweretse kusasangalala. Kuyesa kwamunda kumatenga zinthu izi. Kumapereka chidziwitso chofunikira pakukonza kapangidwe kake. Izi zikutsimikizira kuti nyali yamutu sikuti ndi yomveka bwino kokha komanso ndi yabwino komanso yosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito kwa omvera ake.

Kuyesa Kwachitetezo Chamagetsi ndi Kutsatira Malamulo

Kuyesa chitetezo cha magetsi ndi malamulo ndi zinthu zomwe sizingakambirane popanga nyali zamutu. Mayesowa akuwonetsetsa kuti chinthucho sichibweretsa mavuto pamagetsi kwa ogwiritsa ntchito ndipo chikukwaniritsa zofunikira zonse zalamulo zogulitsa m'misika yomwe mukufuna. Kutsatira miyezo yapadziko lonse lapansi ndi yachigawo ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti msika upezeke mosavuta komanso kuti ogula azidalirana.

Mayeso ofunikira achitetezo chamagetsi ndi awa:

• Mayeso a Mphamvu ya Dielectric (Mayeso a Hi-Pot): Kuyesaku kumagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yamagetsi yochuluka ku chotenthetsera chamagetsi cha nyali yakutsogolo. Kumayang'ana ngati pali kusweka kapena kutayikira kwa madzi.
• Mayeso Opitilira PansiIzi zimatsimikizira kuti kulumikizana kwa dziko lapansi koteteza kuli bwino. Zimateteza ngati pakhala vuto lamagetsi.
• Mayeso a Kutaya kwa MadziIzi zimayesa mphamvu iliyonse yosayembekezereka yomwe ikuyenda kuchokera ku chinthucho kupita kwa wogwiritsa ntchito kapena pansi. Zimaonetsetsa kuti imakhala mkati mwa malire otetezeka.
• Kuyesa Chitetezo Chopitirira MuyesoIzi zikutsimikizira kuti magetsi a nyali yamutu amatha kuthana ndi magetsi ambiri popanda kutenthetsa kwambiri kapena kuwononga.
• Mayeso a Chitetezo cha MabatireKwanyali zoyatsira moto zomwe zingachajidwensoIzi zimatsimikizira njira yoyendetsera mabatire. Zimaletsa kudzaza kwambiri, kutulutsa kwambiri, komanso ma short circuits.

Kupatula chitetezo, nyali zamutu ziyenera kutsatira miyezo yosiyanasiyana ya malamulo. Izi nthawi zambiri zimaphatikizapo chizindikiro cha CE cha European Union, satifiketi ya FCC ya United States, ndi malangizo a RoHS (Restriction of Hazardous Substances). Malamulowa amakhudza zinthu monga electromagnetic compatibility (EMC), zinthu zoopsa, komanso chitetezo chazinthu zonse. Opanga amachita mayesowa m'ma laboratories ovomerezeka. Amapeza ziphaso zofunikira zinthu zisanalowe pamsika. Njira yoyesera yovutayi popanga nyali zamutu imateteza ogula. Imatetezanso mbiri ya kampaniyi ndikutsimikizira kuti kampaniyo ilowa pamsika movomerezeka.

Kuphatikiza Mafotokozedwe ndi Kuyesa mu Njira Yopangira Nyali Yamutu

Kuphatikiza zofunikira zaukadaulo ndi mayeso a magwiridwe antchito nthawi yonsekupanga nyali zamutuNjirayi imatsimikizira kuti zinthu zikuyenda bwino. Njirayi imatsimikizira kuti zinthu zikuyenda bwino kuyambira pakupanga koyamba mpaka kukonzedwa komaliza. Imamanga maziko a zida zodalirika komanso zogwira ntchito bwino panja.

Kapangidwe ndi Zitsanzo za Malingaliro Oyamba

Njira yopangira imayamba ndi kupanga ndi kupanga zitsanzo. Gawoli limasintha malingaliro oyamba kukhala zitsanzo zooneka. Opanga nthawi zambiri amayamba ndi zojambula zojambula pamanja, kenako amazisintha pogwiritsa ntchito mapulogalamu a CAD apamwamba monga Autodesk Inventor ndi CATIA. Izi zimatsimikizira kuti chitsanzocho chikuphatikizapo magwiridwe antchito onse omaliza a chinthucho, osati kukongola kokha.

Gawo la prototyping nthawi zambiri limatsatira masitepe angapo:

1. Gawo la Lingaliro ndi Uinjiniya: Izi zikuphatikizapo kupanga mawonekedwe kapena mitundu yogwira ntchito ya zida monga mapaipi owala kapena makapu owunikira. Makina opangira nyali za CNC amapereka kulondola kwambiri, kuyankha mwachangu, komanso nthawi yochepa yopangira (masabata 1-2). Pazinthu zovuta, mainjiniya odziwa bwino ntchito za mapulogalamu a CNC amafufuza kuthekera ndikupereka njira zothetsera mavuto.
2. Kukonza PambuyoPambuyo pa ntchito yokonza, ntchito monga kuchotsa matuza, kupukuta, kulumikiza, ndi kupaka utoto ndizofunikira kwambiri. Njira izi zimakhudza mwachindunji mawonekedwe omaliza a prototype.
3. Gawo Loyesera Lochepa: Kuumba kwa silicone kumagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zinthu zochepa chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito kusinthasintha kwake komanso magwiridwe antchito obwerezabwereza. Pazinthu zomwe zimafuna kupukuta magalasi, monga magalasi ndi ma bezels, CNC machining imapanga chitsanzo cha PMMA, chomwe kenako chimapanga mawonekedwe a silicone.

Njira Zopezera Zinthu ndi Kuwongolera Ubwino wa Zinthu

Kupeza bwino zinthu zogwirira ntchito komanso kuwongolera bwino khalidwe ndizofunikira kwambiri popanga nyali zamutu. Opanga amagwiritsa ntchito njira zokhwima kuti atsimikizire kuti chilichonse chikukwaniritsa miyezo yapamwamba. Izi zikuphatikizapo kuyesa mwamphamvu kuwala, nthawi yogwira ntchito, kukana madzi, komanso kukana kutentha. Ogulitsa amapereka zikalata ngati umboni woti akutsatira malamulo. Kulongedza bwino ndi kuteteza kumateteza kuwonongeka panthawi yotumiza.

Opanga amapemphanso malipoti oyesa ndi ziphaso monga miyezo ya DOT, ECE, SAE, kapena ISO. Izi zimapereka chitsimikizo cha chipani chachitatu cha khalidwe la malonda. Malo owunikira ofunikira owongolera khalidwe ndi awa:

• Kuwongolera Ubwino Komwe Kukubwera (IQC)Izi zikuphatikizapo kuyang'ana zinthu zopangira ndi zigawo zake zikalandiridwa.
• Kuwongolera Ubwino Munthawi Yogwirira Ntchito (IPQC)Izi zimayang'anira kupanga kosalekeza panthawi yopangira.
• Kulamulira Komaliza Kwabwino (FQC)Izi zimayesa zinthu zonse zomalizidwa, kuphatikizapo kuyang'ana ndi kuwona momwe zinthu zilili komanso kuyesa magwiridwe antchito.

Kuyesa Kogwirira Ntchito ndi Kumangirira Pamzere

Kumanga kumabweretsa pamodzi zinthu zonse zosankhidwa mosamala komanso zoyendetsedwa bwino. Kulondola n'kofunika kwambiri panthawiyi, makamaka pamakina otsekera ndi kulumikizana kwamagetsi. Pambuyo pomanga, kuyesa kogwira ntchito pa intaneti nthawi yomweyo kumatsimikizira momwe nyali yamutu imagwirira ntchito. Kuyesaku kumafufuza kuti muwone ngati kuwala kowala kuli koyenera, momwe zinthu zimagwirira ntchito, komanso kuti magetsi azikhala bwino. Kuzindikira mavuto kumayambiriro kwa mzere womanga kumateteza zinthu zolakwika kuti zisapitirire patsogolo pakupanga. Izi zimaonetsetsa kuti nyali iliyonse yamutu ikukwaniritsa zomwe idapangidwa isanayang'ane bwino.

Kuyesa kwa Batch Pambuyo pa Kupanga Kuti Mutsimikizire Komaliza

Pambuyo pomanga, opanga amachita mayeso a batch pambuyo pa kupanga. Gawo lofunika kwambiri ili limapereka chitsimikizo chomaliza cha ubwino ndi magwiridwe antchito a nyali yamutu. Limaonetsetsa kuti chinthu chilichonse chikukwaniritsa miyezo yokhwima chisanafike kwa ogula. Mayeso athunthu awa amakhudza mbali zosiyanasiyana za magwiridwe antchito ndi umphumphu wa nyali yamutu.

Ma protocol oyesera ali ndi madera angapo ofunikira:

• Mayeso Opezekapo ndi Oyenera:Akatswiri amafufuza komwe kuwala kumachokera, monga LED. Amatsimikiza kuti ma module ndi zigawo zonse za nyali zamutu zakonzedwa bwino. Oyang'anira amafufuzanso kuti pali utoto wakunja (wolimba) ndi wamkati (woletsa chifunga) pagalasi lophimba nyali zamutu. Amayesa magetsi a nyali zamutu.
• Mayeso Olumikizirana:Mayeso awa amatsimikizira kulumikizana ndi makina akunja a PLC. Amatsimikizira kulumikizana ndi zida zakunja zolowera/zotulutsa, magwero amakono, ndi ma mota. Oyesa amafufuza kulumikizana ndi magetsi kudzera m'mabasi a CAN ndi LIN. Amatsimikiziranso kulumikizana ndi ma module oyeserera magalimoto (HSX, Vector, DAP).
• Mayeso a Optical ndi Camera:Mayeso awa amawunika ntchito za AFS, monga magetsi ozungulira. Amawunika ntchito za makina a LWR (kusintha kutalika kwa nyali yamutu). Oyesa amachita kuyatsa kwa nyali ya xenon (kuyesa kuyatsa). Amawunika kufanana ndi mtundu mu ma XY coordinates. Amazindikira ma LED olakwika, kufunafuna kusintha kwa mtundu ndi kuwala. Oyesa amawunika ntchito yosinthira ya ma turn signals ndi kamera yothamanga kwambiri. Amawunikanso ntchito ya matrix, yomwe imachepetsa kuwala.
• Mayeso a Optical-Makina:Mayesowa amasintha ndikuwunika malo owunikira a nyali zazikulu. Amasintha ndikuwunika ntchito za nyali zazikulu. Oyesa amasintha ndikuwunika mtundu wa mawonekedwe a pulojekiti ya nyali zazikulu. Amatsimikizira kuti zolumikizira za nyali zazikulu zalumikizidwa bwino pogwiritsa ntchito makamera. Amayang'ana kuyera kwa lenzi pogwiritsa ntchito AI ndi njira zophunzirira mozama. Pomaliza, amasintha ma optics oyambira.

Kuyang'ana konse kwa kuwala kuyenera kutsatira miyezo yapadziko lonse lapansi, monga ya European Union. IIHS imayesa magwiridwe antchito a nyali zamutu pa magalimoto atsopano. Izi zikuphatikizapo kuwona mtunda, kuwala, ndi magwiridwe antchito a makina osinthira magetsi a auto beam ndi curve adaptive lamp. Amayesa makamaka momwe nyali zamutu zimachokera ku fakitale. Sayesa pambuyo pa kusintha koyenera kwa cholinga. Ogula ambiri sayang'ana cholinga. Nyali zamutu ziyenera kukhala zolunjika bwino kuchokera ku fakitale. Cholinga cha nyali zamutu nthawi zambiri chimawunikidwa ndikuwongoleredwa kumapeto kwa njira yopangira. Izi nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsa ntchito makina owunikira ngati imodzi mwa malo omaliza pamzere wolumikizira. Ngodya yeniyeni ya cholinga imakhalabe pakufuna kwa wopanga. Palibe lamulo la boma la ngodya inayake ya cholinga pamene nyali zimayikidwa pagalimoto.

Mafotokozedwe aukadaulo okhwima komanso mayeso athunthu a magwiridwe antchito ndizofunikira kwambiri pamakampani opanga nyali zakunja. Njirazi zimalimbitsa chidaliro cha ogula ndikuwonetsetsa kuti zinthuzo ndi zotetezeka. Mafotokozedwe okhwima amaonetsetsa kuti nyali zapatsogolo zikukwaniritsa miyezo yapadziko lonse lapansi, kuletsa kuwala ndikuwongolera kuwoneka kwa ogwiritsa ntchito. Zimathandizanso kuti zikhale zolimba, ndi zipangizo zopangidwa kuti zipirire nyengo zovuta monga kuwala kwa UV ndi kutentha kwambiri.

Kuyesa bwino zitsanzo za nyali za mutu, kuphatikizapo kuwunika mtundu wa kapangidwe kake, magwiridwe antchito (kuwala, moyo wa batri, mawonekedwe a kuwala), komanso kukana nyengo, ndikofunikira kwambiri. Izi zimatsimikizira mtundu wa malonda ndi kudalirika, zomwe ndizofunikira kwambiri pakulimbitsa chidaliro cha ogula.

Kuyesetsa kumeneku kumatsimikizira mbiri ya kampani chifukwa cha khalidwe labwino komanso kudalirika pamsika wopikisana wakunja. Kupereka nyali zapamwamba zogwirira ntchito bwino kumapereka mwayi waukulu wopikisana.

FAQ

Kodi ma IP ratings amatanthauza chiyani pa nyali zamutu?

Mavoti a IP akusonyeza anyale ya kumutuKukana kwa madzi ndi fumbi. Manambala oyamba akuwonetsa chitetezo cha fumbi, ndipo nambala yachiwiri ikuwonetsa chitetezo cha madzi. Manambala apamwamba amatanthauza chitetezo chabwino ku zinthu zachilengedwe.

Kodi muyezo wa ANSI FL1 umathandiza bwanji ogula?

Muyezo wa ANSI FL1 umapereka zilembo zooneka bwino komanso zogwirizana bwino kuti nyali zigwire bwino ntchito. Umafotokoza miyezo monga kutulutsa kwa lumen ndi mtunda wa kuwala. Izi zimathandiza ogula kufananiza zinthu molondola ndikupanga zisankho zogula mwanzeru.

Chifukwa chiyani kuyesa kulimba kwa chilengedwe ndikofunikira kwambiri pa nyali zamutu?

Kuyesa kulimba kwa chilengedwe kumaonetsetsa kuti nyali zapatsogolo zimapirira nyengo zovuta zakunja. Zimaphatikizapo mayeso a kutentha, chinyezi, ndi kugwedezeka. Izi zimatsimikizira kukhalapo kwa nthawi yayitali komanso kudalirika kwa zinthu m'malo ovuta kwambiri.

Kodi kufunika koyesa zomwe ogwiritsa ntchito akumana nazo pamunda ndi kotani?

Kuyesa kwa ogwiritsa ntchito komwe kukuchitika kumayesa momwe nyali yamutu imagwirira ntchito. Kumayesa chitonthozo, kusinthasintha, komanso kugwira ntchito bwino panthawi yogwiritsa ntchito. Ndemanga iyi imathandiza kukonza kapangidwe kake ndikuwonetsetsa kuti nyali yamutu ndi yothandiza kwa omvera ake.